Find explicit formulas (in terms of ) for the following functions, and describe in words how the graphs of the following functions differ from . For example, the explicit form of would be .

a)
The graph of is the same as the graph of vertically by .

b)
The graph of is the same as the graph of vertically by .

c)
The graph of is the same as the graph of shifted by and vertically by a factor of .

d)
The graph of is the same as the graph of shifted by and vertically by a factor of .

Hint: