Describe the graphs of the following as the result of applying shifts, reflections, stretches, and/or compressions to the graph of .

a)
The graph of has been shifted by and by a factor of .

b)
Transformations have been applied to the graph of in the following order:
1) The graph of has been by .
2) The graph of has been by .

c)
Transformations have been applied to the graph of in the following order:
1) The graph of has been by .
2) The graph of has been by .
3) The graph of has been by .
4) The graph of has been .

d)
Transformations have been applied to the graph of in the following order:
1) The graph of has been by .
2) The graph of has been .
3) The graph of has been by .
4) The graph of has been by .
5) The graph of has been by .

Hint: